Urban regeneration

Continued evolution is the essence of urban life. Conservation is a matter of ensuring that the qualities that define a place are maintained while change continues to happen.

In some places change needs to be promoted. Regeneration may be necessary where economic change has left a residual built environment that needs to be adapted to new purposes.

Inclusion of historic buildings in a regeneration project provides a catalyst for change, setting standards for creative and sustainable design.

Scotland is highly urbanised. Many towns owe their origin to burgh status granted by David I in the 12^th century; and others to a wave of improvement and planned settlement in the 18^th century. Massive transformation in the 19^th century saw Scotland’s cities and industrial towns grow exponentially. Much of the built fabric of towns and villages dates from this period.

Densities within towns and cities are higher in Scotland than in England, thanks to the tenement and the high rise, and so even quite small Scottish settlements have recognisable urban form. What would be defined as a village in England often in Scotland has the character of a town.

• Large urban areas with a population of over 125,000. This includes smaller towns adjacent to a large city such as Glasgow.
• Other urban areas with a population of 10,000 to 125,000
• Small towns with a population of 3,000 to 10,000
• Rural areas with a population of less than 3,000

View the Scottish Executive Urban Rural Classification maps

Scottish Cities

Six cities have a combined population of 1,500,000: a third of all Scots. The city regions of Scotland together account for two thirds of the population and are the  economic drivers. Cities also contain 68% of the most deprived postcode sectors in Scotland (overwhelmingly in Glasgow) and so it is here that most regeneration activity is directed.

Following the Cities Review, Historic Scotland funds city heritage trusts that offer conservation expertise and are vehicles for grants and other initiatives. See related external links.

Scottish Towns

A town may in Scotland be the principal urban unit in a dispersed area, and so investment in it has a multiplier effect on surrounding rural areas.

Towns are the focus for community activities; they contain a significant proportion of Scotland's listed buildings and more than half of the total number of conservation areas. They are an important element in Scotland's appeal to visitors and to potential inward investors.

Conservation areas

There are over 600 conservation areas in Scotland, all designated by local planning authorities. They are areas of special historic or architectural interest, the character of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance. The overall layout may be just as important to that character as individual buildings. The majority are urban: parts of cities and towns plus a few villages and cultural landscapes.

Many conservation areas now have appraisals to explain the character that the local authority aims to preserve and also what can be enhanced. They are required to justify article 4 directions that remove certain permitted development rights. Examples can be found on the Edinburgh Council website, Aberdeen City Council website, Glasgow City Council website and Midlothian website. Some communities have developed Conservation Appraisals of their own such as the Helensburgh Conservation Areas Group.

Demolition within a conservation area requires Conservation Area Consent, considered in the light of the contribution made to the character of the conservation area by the building and by its proposed replacement. See the following Scottish Government planning advice note 71.

Urban Regeneration

The Scottish Urban Regeneration Forum (SURF) is the independent regeneration and inclusion network for Scotland. SURF operates from two basic principles:

• Successful and sustainable regeneration is only achievable when all aspects of physical, social, economic and cultural regeneration are addressed in a holistic approach.
  
• The people who are the intended beneficiaries of any regeneration effort must be meaningfully involved in the process if it is to be successful in planning, implementation and maintenance.

The Scottish Landscape Forum was established by Scottish Natural Heritage with support from the Scottish Government to facilitate discussion, prepare advice and promote action for the better care of Scotland's landscapes, including the urban landscape and its peri-urban/ rural fringe. The Forum comprises a group of some 25 public and non-governmental bodies with a common interest in the future well-being, management and use of Scotland’s landscape.

Funding for Regeneration

The Historic Environment Regeneration Fund was created by Historic Scotland in 2006 to support area-based regeneration and conservation initiatives undertaken by local authorities.

The Townscape Heritage Initiative has seen awards by Heritage Lottery Fund of £37.7 million to 32 Scottish conservation areas since 1997. In 2006 and 2007 half of the awards made across the UK went to Scotland.

At the crux is management of conservation areas through:

• Conservation Area Appraisal
• Local participation
• Employment of project officers
• Resolution for key buildings at risk
• Use of empty floorspace
• Reinstatement of missing or damaged architectural detail, and its future protection
• Priority public realm projects with a conservation slant

The total investment generated in Scottish conservation areas since 1997, including forward commitments, is £65 million.

The Scottish Burgh Survey

A guide to the archaeological resource in towns, published by Historic Scotland, helps to influence decision-makers and to set the research agenda on questions that may be answered by archaeology where development occurs. Publications in the latest series are can be found on the Council for British Archaeology website.